Statement
The ratio between a triangle's side length and the sine of its angle is the same for all sides:
$$ \frac{a}{\sin(\alpha)} = \frac{b}{\sin(\beta)} = \frac{c}{\sin(\gamma)} $$
Proof
Construct altitudes $ h $ and $ k $ like the image below:
Altitude $ h $
Write the following equation from the definition of sine:
$$ \sin(\alpha) = \frac{h}{b} $$
Flip the fraction and multiply both sides by $ a $.
$$ \frac{1}{\sin(\alpha)} = \frac{b}{h} $$
$$ \frac{a}{\sin(\alpha)} = \frac{ab}{h} $$
Now write another equation using the definition of sine:
$$ \sin(\beta) = \frac{h}{a} $$
Flip the fraction and multiply both sides by $ b $.
$$ \frac{1}{\sin(\beta)} = \frac{a}{h} $$
$$ \frac{b}{\sin(\beta)} = \frac{ab}{h} $$
Note that both $ \frac{a}{\sin(\alpha)} $ and $ \frac{b}{\sin(\beta)} $ are equal to $ \frac{ab}{h} $, giving:
$$ \frac{a}{\sin(\alpha)} = \frac{b}{\sin(\beta)} $$
Altitude $ k $
Write the following equation from the definition of sine:
$$ \sin(\alpha) = \frac{k}{c} $$
Flip the fraction and multiply both sides by $ a $.
$$ \frac{1}{\sin(\alpha)} = \frac{c}{k} $$
$$ \frac{a}{\sin(\alpha)} = \frac{ac}{k} $$
Now write another equation using the definition of sine:
$$ \sin(\gamma) = \frac{k}{a} $$
Flip the fraction and multiply both sides by $ c $.
$$ \frac{1}{\sin(\gamma)} = \frac{a}{k} $$
$$ \frac{c}{\sin(\gamma)} = \frac{ac}{h} $$
Note that both $ \frac{a}{\sin(\alpha)} $ and $ \frac{c}{\sin(\gamma)} $ are equal to $ \frac{ac}{h} $, giving:
$$ \frac{a}{\sin(\alpha)} = \frac{c}{\sin(\gamma)} $$
Conclusion
Since $ \frac{a}{\sin(\alpha)} = \frac{b}{\sin(\beta)} $ and $ \frac{a}{\sin(\alpha)} = \frac{c}{\sin(\gamma)} $:
$$ \frac{a}{\sin(\alpha)} = \frac{b}{\sin(\beta)} = \frac{c}{\sin(\gamma)} $$