Statement
The derivative of $ \tan(x) $ is:
$$ \tfrac{d}{dx}\bigg(\tan(x)\bigg) = 1 + \tan(x)^2 $$
Proof
Define function $ f $.
$$ f(x) = \tan(x) $$
Rewrite $ f $ by using tangent is sine divided by cosine.
$$ f(x) = \frac{\sin(x)}{\cos(x)} $$
Now differentiate this function with the quotient rule, $ \frac{d}{dx}\big(\sin(x)\big) = \cos(x) $ and $ \frac{d}{dx}\big(\cos(x)\big) = -\sin(x) $.
$$ f'(x) = \frac{\cos(x)* \cos(x) - \sin(x)* - \sin(x)}{\cos(x)^2} $$
Simplify this function and split the fraction.
$$ f'(x) = \frac{\cos(x)^2 + \sin(x)^2}{\cos(x)^2} = \frac{\cos(x)^2}{\cos(x)^2} + \frac{\sin(x)^2}{\cos(x^2)} $$
Finally, use that tangent is sine divided by cosine.
$$ f'(x) = 1 + \tan(x)^2 $$